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Microsoft FAQ – Amazon Web Services (AWS)
There are three basic strategies to select from when deciding how to manage your environment:. Containing characteristics of both decentralized and centralized models, the shared or delegated approach focuses on centralized policies and procedures governed by the enterprise admins. This approach is hierarchical in nature in that many layers of administration can be defined.
For example, the main office might contain the majority of the systems. These systems are managed by senior administrators or an enterprise admin group. Desktop engineers might be delegated administrative access to all desktops but might escalate issues to site admins or even enterprise admins if necessary.
Once a delegation model has been selected, the next step is to decide how to delegate access. Depending on the server, installed roles, and applications installed, there are different ways to delegate access. In some cases, applications or roles include an interface where elevated access is granted. In most other situations, local built-in groups can be used to grant different access to different delegates depending on their function.
For example, suppose you have delegated backup duties to a small team of junior administrators. To help streamline this in larger organizations, you might consider additional layers of group nesting along with group policy to push down the elevated access to a group of servers.
This method provides a more scalable solution as expanding delegate access is as simple as adding more junior admin accounts to a domain group. The domain group is then automatically added to the backup operators local group on the servers. Active Directory will be discussed in more detail later. Refer to Table for a listing of built-in local groups and their functions.
Grants full access and control to the computer. Allows members to change and manage permissions and access to the computer. Ability to back up and restore files regardless of the permissions assigned to the folder or files. These users are unable to modify and manage permissions. Users are granted virtually no access to the system other than to use the Internet and basic applications.
They are granted temporary profiles upon logon. Limited access to log on to the computer. Allows users to run applications, use local devices and peripherals but not make administrative changes. When delegating administrative tasks, it is a good practice to create separate delegate accounts for users.
The idea is to operate on the principle of least privilege, meaning for normal operations you would use a standard user account with enough access to perform your job.
When elevated privileges are required, invoke the run as function or log in with your delegate account. This reduces the risk of unintentional changes that could make for an unpleasant day for the admin. You can assign different sets of administrative responsibility to different users, and these can include segments of the directory structure such as OUs or sites.
The following are several benefits of delegating administrative control:. When designing your AD DS forest structure, you should keep in mind the administrative requirements of each domain. Each domain has the capability to contain a different OU hierarchy. The forest administrators, who are members of the Enterprise Admins group, are automatically granted the ability to create an OU hierarchy in any domain within the entire forest.
Domain administrators, who are members of the Domain Admins group in each separate domain, by default are granted the right to create an OU hierarchy within their own domain.
When you initially create your OU design, you should do so to enable administration. After that, you should create any additional OUs required for the application of Group Policy and management of computers. The final step in delegating administrative duties is identifying the toolsets available to your delegates.
Microsoft has provided us with the following tools to help with administrative tasks:. Before using administrative tools, you must first ensure that the necessary access rights have been granted and that you have addressed any prerequisites, such as. Net Framework 4.
It helps administrators cut down on repetitive tasks by defining prebuilt configurations that accompany PowerShell 4. Configuration parameters are saved in a Managed Object File MOF and can be used as a baseline for comparison or as a template for new deployments.
DSC is often used in the following situations:. DSC works via two basic methods: Pull and Push. The Pull method works through the use of a Pull Server. Using this method, you can configure a server as the Pull Server, which acts as central configuration repository storing the configuration data for computers. In large environments, nodes can be configured to pull from the server as they come online. The second method is the Push method. In smaller implementations, a central server can be configured to Push DSC configurations.
As an administrator, you also have the ability to use a combination of both Pull and Push methods. DSC works through the basis of defining configurations within scripts.
Using Notepad, you can build a custom DSC configuration. Configurations contain several components, all of which are organized within a configuration block. The keyword Configuration tells PowerShell that a specific configuration is to follow. Together, both of these items create the foundation of a configuration block. The basic structure of a configuration block is. Inside the configuration block, node blocks are identified. A node represents a computer in the environment.
Nodes are used when you need to apply a configuration block to a specific computer or computers. Multiple node blocks can be created within a configuration block, although a configuration block does not have to contain any node blocks. Depending on the requirements, you might need to use node blocks. Inside the node blocks, resource blocks can be identified.
Resource blocks are used to configure specific resources. These can be configured manually, or you can use several prebuilt resources available within the PowerShell framework. Some of the built-in resources include. Resource blocks are identified by a resource name followed by an identifier. For example, to add configuration details to ensure that the Web-Server role is installed for MyComputer1 , use the following syntax:.
After you have created the appropriate configurations, save it as a PowerShell script. To invoke the configuration, execute it via an administrative PowerShell session. Invoking the configuration creates the MOF file in the working directory containing the configuration block script. To execute the configuration, run the command:. The intent of this section was to provide a high-level overview of DSC and how to use it. There are a variety of configuration parameters and best practices that go beyond the scope of this Cert Guide.
In any large-scale deployment, imaging technology will be one of your strongest allies. Microsoft has continued to evolve its imaging process through enhancements made to the Windows Deployment Services WDS role. WDS is covered in the Cert Guide , but in this section, we will assume you already have a prebuilt image and are looking to perform offline servicing of the image.
So what is meant by servicing an image, and why offline? Historically speaking, updates to images required the administrator to deploy a new computer from the image, run through any customizations or updates, repackage the image, and upload it back to the repository. This is often a lengthy process—especially when only minor updates are required. For these instances, Microsoft has provided the ability to inject updates to a Windows image file. Scenarios in which images require updating include.
DISM takes the legwork out of the mix by enabling an administrator to mount the image file, similar to mounting a hard disk, and issue commands to update the image. When the updating is complete, changes are committed to the image and the file is unmounted, in which case the image is ready for the next deployment.
Some key points and best practices to consider when using DISM:. DISM is typically used for updating offline images, but it can also be used to update servers that are online especially in cases when you need a fast method to standardize or update to a higher edition of Windows. There are several parameters you should understand when servicing images. Table outlines some of the key parameters:. Used to gather information from the image file such as index number, image name, description, and image size.
Parameter used to mount the image. When mounting the image, you must also specify an in index number or the name associated with the image. Directory in which the image is mounted to.
For optimal performance, this should be on the local computer that is updating the image. Use this switch when experiencing trouble with mounting images that might have been previously mounted. Adds one or more install packages or cabinet files. When applying multiple packages, packages are listed in the order in which they should be installed. Adds a driver to the offline image. Produces a list of Packages from the mounted image in the mount directory. Unmounts the image. Used to change an offline windows image to a higher edition.
This list is introduces only a few of the DISM parameters. The first thing you need to do is obtain a copy of the source image. In this example, we will use one of the default Windows image files found on the Server installation media and extracted by a WDS server. To enable a feature in an offline image, perform the following steps:. Using either the index number or name of the image, mount the image to a temporary mount directory.
This will extract the contents of the image Figure to a directory structure in the temp mount directory specified. This process might take time depending on the speed of your computer. Review the current state of the Remote-Desktop-Services feature. Shown in Figure , take notice that the feature is currently disabled. Enable the Remote-Desktop-Services feature in the offline image by executing the command shown in Figure Assume an environment with Windows Server R2 standard edition and a total of 50 users and 25 devices workstations.
In this case, we can purchase either 50 CAL licenses to cover the 50 users we have or alternatively 25 DAL licenses to cover the total amount of workstations that need to access the server. In this scenario, purchasing DALs is a more cost effective solution. If however we had 10 users with a total of 20 devices , e. Windows Server Foundation is available to OEMs Original Equipment Manufacturers only and therefore can only be purchased at the time of purchasing a n new hardware server.
Windows Foundation edition supports up to 15 users. In addition, Foundation edition owners cannot upgrade to other editions. The Essential edition of server is available to OEMs with the purchase of new hardware and also at retail stores.
The user limit of this server edition is 25 and device limit is This means that a maximum of 25 users amongst 50 computers can access the Windows Server Essentials edition. For example, you have 20 users rotating randomly amongst 25 computers accessing the Server Essentials edition, without any problem.
A common question at this point is what if the organization expands and increases its users and computers? In these cases Microsoft provides an upgrade path allowing organizations to upgrade to the Windows Server Standard or Datacenter edition license and perform an in-place license transition. Once the transition is complete, the user limitation, and other features are unlocked without requiring migration or reinstallation of the server.
Companies upgrading to a higher edition of Windows Server should keep in mind that it will be necessary to purchase the required amount of CALs or DALs according to their users or devices. Administrators will be happy to know that it is also possible to downgrade the Standard edition of Server to the Essentials edition.
For example, it is possible to run Essential edition of Server as virtual machine utilizing one of two available virtual instances in Standard edition as shown in the figure below.
This eliminates the needs to purchase Essential edition of Server Download Now! Unlike Windows Server Essentials non-R2 , you can now run a single instance of a virtual machine. The server licensing rights have been expanded, allowing you to install an instance of Essentials on your physical server to run the Hyper-V role with none of the other roles and features of the Essentials Experience installed , and a second instance of Essentials as a virtual machine VM on that same server with all the Essentials Experience roles and features.
Definition of a socket is a CPU or physical processor. For example, it is possible to run Essential edition of Server as virtual machine utilizing one of two available virtual instances in Standard edition as shown in the figure below. This eliminates the needs to purchase Essential edition of Server Download Now! Unlike Windows Server Essentials non-R2 , you can now run a single instance of a virtual machine.
The server licensing rights have been expanded, allowing you to install an instance of Essentials on your physical server to run the Hyper-V role with none of the other roles and features of the Essentials Experience installed , and a second instance of Essentials as a virtual machine VM on that same server with all the Essentials Experience roles and features. Definition of a socket is a CPU or physical processor. Logical cores are not counted as sockets.
A single license of Standard and Datacenter edition covers up to two physical processors per physical server.
Standard edition allows up to 2 virtual instances while the Datacenter edition allows unlimited number of virtual instances. For example, a Windows Server R2 Standard edition installed on a physical server with one socket CPU can support up to two instances of virtual machines. These virtual machines can be Server R2 Standard or Essentials edition. Similarly, if you install a Windows Server R2 Datacenter edition , then you can install an unlimited number of virtual machines.
Scenario 2 : Install Server Standard Edition on a physical server with 1 physical processor, running 8 instances of virtual machines. A total of 50 users will be accessing the server. Remember that a single Standard edition license covers up to two physical processors and up to two instances of virtual machines.
Since the requirement is to run 8 instances of virtual machines, we need four Standard edition licenses. If we decided to use the Datacenter edition in this scenario, a single license with 50 CAL would be enough to cover our needs, because the Datacenter edition license supports an unlimited number of virtual instances and up to two physical processors.
Back to Windows Server Section. Read more. Deal with bandwidth spikes Free Download. Licensing Model. Processor Chip Limit.
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